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(2)P2D模型简化分析
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前额叶掌管复杂的人类特有的认知能力,包含两大块区域。其中背外侧前额叶皮层(Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)主要掌管工作记忆(working memory)和计划(planning)。腹内侧前额叶皮层(Ventromedial prefrontal cortex)则主要负责决策和社会认知。在临床上,前额叶功能的受损和注意力缺乏综合症(attention deficit disorder),精神病(schizophrenia),强迫症(obsessive-compulsive disroder),上瘾(addiction)和类自闭症的不能换位思考(deficits in theory of mind abilities)有关。
1 Knutson, K. L., & von Schantz, M. (2018). Associations between chronotype, morbidity and mortality in the UK Biobank cohort. Chronobiology international, 1-9.
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3 Wittmann, M., Dinich, J., Merrow, M., & Roenneberg, T. (2006). Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiology international, 23(1-2), 497-509.
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而在这项发表于2016年7月的《衰老神经生物学(Neurobiology of Aging)》期刊的研究中,受试者按照体重指数(BMI)被分为苗条、超重、肥胖三组,然后研究者作者用核磁共振(MRI)方法对受试者的大脑进行了扫描,并通过三维重建技术得出了受试者的大脑白质体积、皮层厚度等形态学指标,同时进行了认知功能评价。结果发现除了脑白质体积以外,其他的大脑形态指标在不同身材的人群之间并没有显著差异,而身材和大脑的认知功能之间也没有明显的关系。
从研究方法和结果来看,这篇文章比较恰当的标题应当是"肥胖程度可能影响脑白质体积",但这回标题党的锅不能让国内的科普媒体背,因为这篇论文的原题就是"肥胖与中年大脑早衰的联系(Obesity associated with increased brain age from midlife)",只能让人感叹这年头严肃论文也要靠标题来抓人眼球了。
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抑郁症,这个我们经常听说,但知之甚少的病,预计到了2020年,就将会成为仅次于心脑血管疾病的第二大"人类杀手" (奚更思 et al., 2011)。它的发病率,早在1996年,就已经与事故发生率齐平 (Birmaher et al., 1996)。
抑郁症,离我们,真的远吗?
—— 不是的。
抑郁症不分男女老少、富有与否、有名与否,它可能降临在每一个人的头上。
留学生因为身处他乡, 学业压力, 人际关系等原因, 已经成为抑郁症的"高危群体"。
耶鲁大学2013年的一个调查显示, 45%的受访中国留学生出现了抑郁症相关症状(Han et al., 2013), 而且这个比例远高于本土学生 (American College Health Association, 2010; Eisenberg et al., 2007)。而我们也曾为一些, 我们眼中"学霸"的"陨落"而扼腕叹息过。
根据世界卫生组织统计, 抑郁症的终身发病率为3.1% (Cuijpers et al., 2008)。而到了2017年, 患病人数已达3.5亿 (WHO, 2017)。
再来看看分区数据。 研究表明,在美国, 至少有6.7%的人有过一次严重病发 (Mufson et al., 2016),而再次病发的比例竟然高达50%(Solomon et al., 2000)! 在加拿大,更是有约186万人饱受抑郁症的折磨 (Statistic Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada)。
其实,心理医生是一个经过严格训练、拥有专业治疗知识、保障患者隐私的群体,心理医生的介入对抑郁症,尤其是轻至中度的抑郁,有着极大的帮助(Mufson, 2016)。相比之下,研究显示,自己阅读心理健康书籍的做法对减轻病情而言,并没有明显效果(Joling et al., 2010)。高昂的医疗费是很多人担心的,但是可喜的是,随着社会及政府对心理健康的重视度逐渐提高,患者的费用负担也日渐减少。现今心理咨询的价格必须遵守当地物价局规定,处在消费者可接受范围内,这是一大利好;另一方面,许多学校里也有免费的心理咨询,他们都会很乐意提供帮助。
2)IPT:前文也提到,人际关系的困扰和抑郁症存在相关性。这个治疗,就是医生帮助病人找出那些,困扰他们的,人际关系失调的原因。对因为亲人逝世过度悲伤的患者,医生会采取聆听(empathic listening)陪伴他们度过这段难熬的时光;而对于难以适应新身份(比如初为人母)的患者,医生会帮他们找出这个角色转变过程的问题,慢慢让他们接受新的社会角色。IPT疗法甚至能有效防止病情的复发(Frank et al., 2007)。
除了心理疗法(Psychotherapy),还有许许多多其他的疗法。药物疗法(Pharmacotherapy)主要是通过服用控制神经递质分泌的药物,来减轻抑郁症状;阅读疗法(Biliotherapy)是医生合理安排患者阅读感兴趣书籍,使病情逐渐减轻 (Ahmadipour et al., 2012);电抽搐治疗(Electroconvulsive)相对极端,但甚至比抗忧郁药物疗效更好 (Frank M, 2000)——多用于对药物和心理疗法都无反应的案例。而较新的比如音乐疗法(王朔, 2012),运动疗法也在临床案例中展现有益的功效 (Carek et al., 2011) 。